Policy Punctuations: US Budget Authority, 1947-95

Abstract: Baumgartner and Jones (1993) described a process of punctuated equilibrium in their study of policymaking in the United States since World War Two. Evidence was drawn from a series of particular issue-areas, but the model has implications for all areas of policymaking. In this paper, we explore the validity of this approach with a new dataset which tabulates Congressional budget authority at the Office of Management and Budget subfunction level across all areas of the federal budget for the entire post-war period.

We find that government spending is characterized by much greater change than is typically portrayed in the literature, even if there is great stability for most categories most of the time. In addition, overall patterns of spending have been affected by two large-scale punctuations. These punctuations divide national spending into three epochs: one of postwar adjustment, lasting until FY 1956; one of robust growth, lasting from 1956 through 1974, and one of restrained growth, beginning in FY 1976. We test the epoch hypothesis against three plausible rival hypotheses: changes in the robustness of the post-war economy; partisan divisions; and public opinion. The epoch hypothesis survives all of these rivals whether modeled individually or together. This paper provides empirical evidence that punctuations occur, not just in some programs or subsystems, but also throughout government.

This contribution should lay the groundwork for future studies on how cues in previous Court decisions affect future policy output. We can examine how information about justices#8217 preferences affects the specific characteristics of the cases that policy entrepreneurs choose to support, cases that then have a systematic impact on the policy outputs of the U.S. Supreme Court. Furthermore, there may be other characteristics of the political or legal context which could limit or promote the opportunity for litigants to respond to such information, perhaps also having an impact on the capacity of the Court. This book should pave the road for understanding how judicial attention to policy areas expands as well as how interest groups choose the venues they do, given a particular political or legal context.